Common symptoms of hay fever, simple ways to reduce pollen exposure, the main types of over-the-counter allergy relief, and when to see a doctor.
What are seasonal allergies?
Seasonal allergic rhinitis, often called hay fever, happens when your immune system reacts to pollen from trees, grasses or weeds. When pollen counts are high it can cause:
- Sneezing
- A runny or stuffy nose
- Itchy, watery eyes
- An itchy nose, mouth or throat
In much of the US, trees pollinate in spring, grasses in late spring and summer, and weeds such as ragweed in late summer and fall – but the timing depends on where you live.
Reduce your exposure
- Check your local pollen forecast and limit time outdoors when counts are high.
- Keep windows closed at home and in the car on high-pollen days.
- Shower and change your clothes after spending time outside.
- Dry laundry indoors rather than outside.
- Wear wraparound sunglasses to help keep pollen out of your eyes.
Over-the-counter options
Several types of over-the-counter products can help. Read the Drug Facts label and choose a product that matches your symptoms.
- Oral antihistamines such as loratadine and cetirizine can relieve sneezing, a runny nose and itchy eyes. These newer antihistamines are less likely to cause drowsiness than older ones such as diphenhydramine, but some people still feel drowsy – check the label before driving.
- Steroid nasal sprays reduce inflammation in the nose and work best when used regularly, as directed on the label.
- Saline nasal sprays or rinses can help wash pollen out of your nose.
- Antihistamine eye drops can help with itchy eyes.
Some allergy products combine more than one active ingredient, so check the label before using two products together.
When to talk to a pharmacist or doctor
Ask a pharmacist or doctor before using allergy medicines if:
- You are pregnant or breastfeeding
- The medicine is for a child
- You have a long-term condition – such as high blood pressure, glaucoma or an enlarged prostate – or you take other medicines
See a doctor if over-the-counter products don't control your symptoms, if you have wheezing or shortness of breath, or if facial pain and thick, discolored mucus suggest a sinus infection. A severe allergic reaction – such as swelling of the face or throat, or difficulty breathing – is an emergency: call 911.